Correlación ultrasonográfica entre volumen tiroideo y ti-rads. Estudio prospectivo / Ultrasonographic correlation between thyroid volume and ti-rads. Prospective study

La comunidad científica se ha preocupado por cuantificar el volumen tiroideo según variables como sexo, edad y deficiencias de yodo asociadas, sin embargo, pese al uso globalizado de TI-RADS para estimación de riesgo de malignidad en la patología tiroidea, no existe suficiente información en relación a si el tamaño de la glándula guarda o no relación con esta escala. Objetivo: comparar el Volumen Tiroideo con TI-RADS en pacientes atendidos en la unidad de ecografía diagnóstica del Centro Clínico Naguanagua en el período enero 2022 - enero 2023. Métodos: estudio observacional-descriptivo de nivel comparativo, con diseño transversal y prospectivo. Muestra no probabilística censal, abarcando la totalidad de los pacientes a los cuales se les efectuó ecografía tiroidea en el período establecido. Se efectuó un registro en cuanto a la cuantificación del volumen de: lóbulo tiroideo derecho, lóbulo tiroideo izquierdo y total de tiroides, TI-RADS, edad y sexo del paciente. Se utilizó el estadístico ANOVA y se empleó el programa Statistical® de licencia libre. Resultados: muestra de 126 pacientes, con edad promedio de 51,71 años ± 1,44, mediana de 53 años. Cuando se comparó el Volumen Total de Tiroides con TI-RADS, se constató que el mayor promedio lo registraron aquellos pacientes clasificados como 4B (p <0,05). Conclusión: aun cuando se registran mayores promedios de volumen total glandular en pacientes con hallazgos nodulares, llama la atención que entre los datos registrados existan pacientes con valores muy similares a lo reportado en la literatura como volúmenes normales en presencia de patología nodular tiroidea(AU)

The scientific community has been concerned with quantifying thyroid volume according to variables such as sex, age, and associated iodine deficiencies; however, despite the global use of TI-RADS to estimate the risk of malignancy in thyroid pathologies, there is not enough information in regarding whether or not the size of the gland is related to this scale. Objective: to compare the Thyroid Volume with TI-RADS in patients treated in the diagnostic ultrasound unit of the Naguanagua Clinical Center in the period January 2022 - January 2023. Methods: observational-descriptive study of a comparative level, with a crosssectional and prospective design. Non-probabilistic census sample, covering all the patients who underwent thyroid ultrasound in the established period. A record was made regarding the quantification of the volume of: right thyroid lobe, left thyroid lobe and total thyroid, TI-RADS, age and sex of the patient. The ANOVA statistic was used and the free license Statistical® program was used. Results: sample of 126 patients, mean age 51.71 ± 1.44 years, median 53 years. When the Total Thyroid Volume was compared with TI-RADS, it was found that the highest mean was registered by those patients classified as 4B (p <0.05). Conclusion: even when higher total glandular volume averages are recorded in patients with nodular findings, it is noteworthy that among the recorded data there are patients with values very similar to those reported in the literature as normal volumes in the presence of thyroid nodular pathology(AU)

Complicaciones postoperatorias en pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía sin drenaje: Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda / Postoperative complications in patients subjected to drainage-free thyroidectomy: Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda

Con el objetivo de describir las complicaciones postoperatorias en pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía sin drenaje que asistieron al Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda durante el lapso enero 2017-enero 2018, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal evaluando 142 historias donde los pacientes se caracterizaron por un promedio de edad de 50,23 ± 12,71 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (88%) y estado nutricional normal (58,45%). Los diagnósticos preoperatorios fueron carcinoma papilar variedad convencional (49,3%) y nódulo coloide (28,87%) mientras que los resultados histopatológicos fueron hiperplasia nodular (32,39%) y carcinoma papilar bien diferenciado (44,37%). Se registraron complicaciones postoperatorias en 48,59% pacientes siendo las más frecuentes la hipocalcemia transitoria (84,06%) y hematoma sofocante (2,90%) en las primeras 24 horas y seroma en la primera semana (16,42%); no hubo registro de complicaciones al mes. De acuerdo con las evidencias, la tiroidectomía realizada sin drenaje ha demostrado ser segura y no aumenta las complicaciones postoperatorias a las 24 horas, a la semana, ni al mes de la intervención(AU)

In order to describe the postoperative complications in patients undergoing undrained thyroidectomy who attended the Servicio de Cirugía General of the Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda during the period January 2017-January 2018, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted through the review of 142 medical charts; patients has an average age of 50.23 ± 12.71 years with predominance of the female sex (88.03%) and normal nutritional status (58.45%). The preoperative diagnoses were conventional papillary carcinoma (49.30%) and colloid nodule (28.87%); the histopathological results were nodular hyperplasia (32.39%) and well differentiated papillary carcinoma (44.37%). 48.59% of patients showed postoperative complications being transient hypocalcemia (84.06%) and suffocating hematoma (2.90%) the most common in the first 24 hours and seroma in the first week (16.42%); there were no reported complications one month after surgery. According to the evidence, thyroidectomy performed without drainage is safe and does not increase postoperative complications at 24 hours, a week, or a month after surgery(AU)

Estudio para reducir el dolor posoperatorio en pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía total o disección cervical por patología tiroidea mediante crioterapia / Study to reduce postoperative pain in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy or cervical dissection for thyroid pathology by cryotherapy

Contexto: en la actualidad, la creciente incidencia de patología tiroidea amerita una mayor resolución quirúrgica que demanda manejo del dolor posquirúrgico, lo que amerita buscar métodos o terapias complementarias para atenuar el dolor. Objetivo: comparar el nivel de dolor posquirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía total o disección cervical por patología tiroidea benigna o maligna mediante el uso de crioterapia comparado con métodos tradicionales, en los servicios de Cirugía General y Cirugía Oncológica del Hospital Eugenio Espejo de Quito. Sujetos y métodos: estudio epidemiológico, observacional, transversal, en 204 pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía total o disección cervical, divididos en un grupo manejado con terapia analgésica estándar (paracetamol y tramadol) y un grupo control que recibió similar terapia farmacológica más crioterapia; en ambos grupos se valoró la escala de dolor (EVA) por 24 horas. Las variables cuantitativas se reportaron como promedios (desviación estándar) y las cualitativas con sus valores absolutos y relativos (porcentajes). La comparación de las variables cuantitativas se realizó previa prueba de normalidad, mientras que las variables cuantitativas que cumplieron criterios de normalidad se usó la t de Student para grupos independientes o sus equivalentes no paramétricos. Resultados: ambas terapias (cold pack y terapia estándar) disminuyen significativamente la percepción de dolor desde su primera evaluación (6 horas) hasta la valoración final (24 horas) (p <0,0001). La analgesia complementada con crioterapia (cold pack) supera al tratamiento estándar con analgésicos (p <0,0001). Para el grupo tratado con cold pack, el descenso de dolor fue 2 puntos de EVA (RIQ: 1,3 puntos; p < 0,001). Conclusión: el uso de la terapia combinada (analgesia estándar más crioterapia) redujo el dolor en dos puntos según la escala de dolor EVA, mostrando que la terapia combinada es superior en el manejo del dolor de acuerdo al grupo control.

Context: currently, the increasing incidence of thyroid pathology deserves a greater surgical resolution that demands the management of postoperative pain, which also deserve complementary methods or therapies to attenuate pain. Objective: to compare the level of postsurgical pain in patients under total thyroidectomy or cervical dissection, due to benign or malignant thyroid pathology, through the use of cryotherapy compared to traditional methods, in the General Surgery and Oncology Surgery services of the Eugenio Espejo Hospital in Quito. Subjects and methods: epidemiological, observational, crosssectional, performed in 204 patients under total thyroidectomy or cervical dissection, divided into a group managed with standard analgesic therapy (paracetamol and tramadol) and a control group that received similar pharmacological therapy plus cryotherapy. In both groups the pain scale (VAS) was assessed for 24 hours. Quantitative variables were reported as averages (standard deviation) and qualitative variables with their absolute and relative values (percentages). The comparison of the quantitative variables was carried out after a normality test, while the quantitative variables that met the normality criteria, "t" test was used for independent groups or their non-parametric equivalents. Results: both therapies (cold pack and standard therapy) significantly decrease the perception of pain from its first evaluation (6 hours) until the final evaluation (24 hours) (p <0.0001). Analgesia supplemented with cryotherapy (cold pack) exceeds the standard treatment with analgesics (p <0.0001). For the group treated with cold pack, the decrease in pain was 2 points of VAS (IQR: 1.3 points; p <0.001). Conclusion: the use of combined therapy (standard analgesia plus cryotherapy) reduced pain by two points according to the VAS pain scale, showing that the combined therapy is superior in pain management according to the control group

Thyroid disorders in obese patients. Does insulin resistance make a difference?

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between insulin resistance and thyroid pathology in obese patients, and compare the results between insulin-resistant and noninsulin-resistant patients. Subjects and methods: Obese/nondiabetic patients, aged 18-70 years, attending the outpatient endocrinology service for 2 years were consecutively included. We evaluated the patients' fasting plasma glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), antithyroperoxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab), antithyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Ab), and thyroid ultrasound. Results: We included 82 patients with a mean age 44.21 ± 12.67 years. The thyroid disorders encountered and their prevalences were: hypothyroidism (14.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.6-23.8%), hyperthyroidism (1.2%, 95% CI 2.0-6.6%), goiter (28.0%, 95% CI 19.5-3.6%), thyroid nodules (35.4%, 95% CI 25.9-46.2%), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (32.9%, 95% CI 23.7-43.7%). HOMA-IR correlated positively with TSH levels (r = 0.24, p = 0.028), and this correlation remained after adjustment for body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), serum cortisol, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), visceral fat thickness (VFT), triglycerides, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in multivariate regression analysis (b = 0.207, 95% CI, 0.09-0.385, p = 0.023). TSH levels were significantly higher in patients with HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5 than in those with HOMA-IR < 2.5 (2.03 μIU/mL, interquartile range [IQR] 1.59-2.69 μIU/mL) versus 1.59 μIU/mL, IQR 0.94-2.26 μIU/mL, p = 0.023). Conclusions: The most prevalent thyroid disorder in patients attending our endocrinology clinic for investigation of obesity was thyroid nodules. One in seven patients had hypothyroidism. Our findings suggest that TSH levels correlate with insulin resistance in obese patients.

Some notes about the relationship between cytological diagnosis by fine needle aspiration biopsy method with tissue diagnosis and clinical symptoms of normal thyroid pathology

216 patients with normal functional thyroid pathology were treated at Hospital No 108 in 2000-2003 year period. For study the relationship between clinical symptoms, 44 cases underwent a biopsy with fine needle aspiration and were diagnosed as simple thyroid goiter, 162 cases had got cytological diagnosis as thyroid goiter, 8 cases as suspect of thyroid cancer. Clinical feature of 2 patients who had got fine needle aspiration cell biopsy had confirmed thyroid cancer.